Caboolture is a town and suburb in the City of Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia. It is located on the northern side of the Caboolture River. In the 2021 census, the suburb of Caboolture had a population of 29,534 people.

Duungidjawu (also known as Kabi Kabi, Cabbee, Carbi, Gabi Gabi) is an Australian Aboriginal language spoken on Duungidjawu country. The Duungidjawu language region includes the landscape within the local government boundaries of Somerset Region and the City of Moreton Bay, particularly the towns of Caboolture, Kilcoy, Woodford and Moore.

Gubbi Gubbi (Kabi Kabi, Cabbee, Carbi, Gabi Gabi) is an Australian Aboriginal language spoken on Gubbi Gubbi country. The Gubbi Gubbi language region includes the landscape within the local government boundaries of the Sunshine Coast Region and Gympie Region, particularly the towns of Caloundra, Noosa Heads, Gympie and extending north towards Maryborough and south to Caboolture.

The Gubbi Gubbi people are the traditional custodians of the area now known as Caboolture. The name Kabultur is derived from the Yugarabul dialect meaning "place of the carpet snake". The Gubbi Gubbi people harvested bush food, fresh water mussels, oysters, fish, and some game animals, moving around the land to take best advantage of seasonally-available produce.

Each year in March, the Gubbi Gubbi people would hold Bunya Festivals to feast on the plentiful and nutritious annual nuts of the Bunya Pine. These huge trees provided a food source which could sustain large numbers of people.

Towards the south of Caboolture is the Yugarabul traditional Aboriginal country of the Brisbane and surrounding regions.

The Caboolture area was colonised by European people in 1842 when the land around the Moreton Bay penal colony was opened up to free settlers.

By the mid-1860s the local pastoralists were experimenting with sugar cane and cotton. In 1867, a tiny settlement was established as a supply and trading centre for the settlers in the area and to service the needs of miners trekking from Brisbane to the goldfields near Gympie. The local shire was constituted in 1879 and in 1888 the railway line from Brisbane was opened.

Caboolture Post Office opened on 1 September 1869.

Settlement in Caboolture was accelerated with the discovery of gold at Gympie. In 1868, the town was used as a stop-over point by the Cobb and Co coach service connecting Brisbane, Gympie and Maryborough. This function continued with the rail link established in 1888.

Caboolture State School opened on 4 August 1873. In 1890 it became Caboolture South State School. In 1908 it became Morayfield State School.

The foundation stone of St Laurence's Anglican Church was laid on Saturday 26 January 1889 by Mrs W.G. Geddes in a service conducted by Canon Glennie and Archdeacon Matthews. Mr W.G. Geddes, one of the oldest settlers in Caboolture had donated the land. It was consecrated in 1959. It was re-built and re-dedicated in 1982.

Caboolture North State School opened on 25 November 1889. In June 1912 it became Caboolture State School. Between 1940 and 1960 it was called Caboolture Rural State School. It had a secondary department from 1955 to 1961, after which a separate secondary school was established.

St Columban's College, Caboolture: On 5 December 1926 Roman Catholic Archbishop James Duhig laid the foundation stone for St Columban's College at "Highlands", 451 Sandgate Road, Albion in Brisbane. The school officially opened on OSunday 29 January 1928. It was a school for boys operated by the Christian Brothers. In 1985 the Christian Brothers passed the management of the college to the Brisbane Diocese. This triggered a number of changes, a phasing out the primary school to focus on secondary schooling. In 1996 the school accepted enrolments from girls and in 1997 the school relocated to Caboolture.

St Peter's Catholic School opened on 30 January 1951 in the parish church (now Mary McKillop Hall). It was initially operated by the Sisters of St Joseph of the Sacred Heart under principal Sister Juan McGrath, assisted by Sister Timothy and Sister Salome.

Caboolture State High School opened on 23 January 1961, replacing the secondary department that operated at Caboolture State School from 1955 to 1960.

Caboolture Special School opened in January 1980 with 50 students who had previously been in the Special Education Unit at Caboolture State School.

Caboolture East State School opened on 29 January 1980.

St Michael's College opened on 25 January 1983 with 4 students in a small farmhouse. It is associated with the Abbey Church of Christ the King, an Orthodox Catholic Church of Christ the King.

St Paul's Lutheran Primary School opened in 1985.

Tullawong State School opened on 1 February 1993.

Tullawong State High School opened in January 1994.

Caboolture Christian School opened in 1998. In 2009 it was renamed Australian Christian College – Moreton.

Harmony Montessori School opened in 1998.

Grace Lutheran College Caboolture opened in 2008 adjacent to St Paul's Lutheran Primary School. The college is campus of Grace Lutheran College at Rothwell.

The Caboolture Library opened in 2011. Pumicestone State School opened in 2017.

As part of the 30th Anniversary of Expo 88 celebration, on 26 October 2018, artist Ken Done unveiled the restoration of his iconic signs made for the Australia pavilion at Expo 88. It had spent the intervening years in a cow paddock beside the Bruce Highway at Deception Bay. The restoration was undertaken by the Caboolture Historical Village where they will remain on display.

In the 2016 census, the suburb of Caboolture had a population of 26,433 people.

In the 2021 census, the suburb of Caboolture had a population of 29,543 people. The median age of residents is 36 years. Crime rates per 100,000 persons in Moreton Bay North (which includes Caboolture) is lower than that of Ipswich, Logan and Toowoomba regions.